technology assessment and forecasting

Why do people want to forecast the future? They do so because they want to know what will change and what will not so that they can be prepared for any desirable and undesirable changes. This is not too different from weather forecasting where it is used to forecast the occurrence of natural disasters such as typhoon, earthquake and tsunami so that people can be warned about any possible, upcoming dangers and take actions to safeguard their lives. However, while weather forecasting applies the use of science and technology to predict the state of atmosphere in a given location but the same cannot be said for futurology. While science and technology is used in the field of futurology, its application is rather limited because the fact is that futurologists are dealing with a high degree of uncertainty and with large number of variables. Most of the forecasting methods used are more qualitative than quantitative.

However it is interesting to note that not all future changes are unpredictable and some future changes can be a result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. An example would be the famous Moore’s law. Moore’s law states that the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every 2 years. Mr Gordon Moore stated his law back in 1965 but until now, his prediction has still proven true. How is this even possible when the rate of change in technology is so unpredictable? Some say that it is because moore’s law became widely accepted in the semiconductor manufacturer industry and as a result, it became a self-fulfilling prophecy. So while the future may be hard to predict, it is plausible that if a current idea or concept can be widely accepted, then there is a high chance that it will happen in the future. For example, the idea that we have limited fossil fuels is widely known so it is highly likely that we will be using renewable energy sources in the future so if we were to choose an industry to invest in, then the renewable energy industry would be a summit industry that is worth looking at.

emerging and future technologies

i really enjoyed reading ‘the ten most important emerging technologies for humanity’ by mike adams. it was easy to read, informative and light-hearted at the same time which was a nice contrast to the seriousness of the subject that it was broaching. perfect for a causal fan of technologies like me! i was especially interested in the section on augmented reality because it will have profound implications for the education scence of which i am currently in. sadly i do not think the current state of technology will mature fast enough for me to enjoy the benefits of such an invention. however going back to the topic, AR will completely change the way students learn. there will be no more notes-taking and listening to boring lectures, which i believe does not really help the students to learn. AR will bring about experiential learning which is a far more powerful learning tool than anything before. it means students will learn faster and they will remember what they learn longer because experiential learning anchors the learning points stronger. it is uplifting to see that the learning process is going to evolve and improve because the current learning model not has changed since my father was still a kid and that is almost 50 years ago. yet the environment we are living in now, is changing so rapidly that it requires a paradigm shift in the way we learn. however i wish that educators can also review the way we are assess on our learning progress. right now, we are still taking standard tests and exams which does not help students in their learning. maybe AR can used in exams to assess how well students handle real-life situations which will reflect their learning progress.

wk 9

this week was on energy and world change: past, present, future.

the sun provides more energy to earth in 1 hour than the amount of energy the whole of mankind curretly uses in an entire year. prof presented to us this information while going through the topic. and the technology to capture this massive amount of energy already exists! the only setback is that the current state of technology is not efficient enough yet. i know this piece of news is meant to be mindblowing, because the kind of possibilities that could arise from capturing this vast energy is almost limitless, yet i found my reaction to it rather subdued. i think it is because i have been listening to so many different kinds of technologies since twc first started that i think my brain has started to reach saturation point. maybe someone ought to invent a portable machine that could allow us to save all the information taught to us in a day so that our brain can be fresh and ready to face another day in school.

however going back to the first point, i think the capturing of the sun’s energy is a good example of a summit opportunity. let’s recap, there is valley, summit and cloud opportunity. valley opportunity is the least desirable place you would want to be because barriers to entry is low so there are many competitors and as a result, profit margins is low. a summit opportunity is much better because it is technology and knowledge intensive so barriers to entry tend to be higher but associated risks also tend to increase. at the moment, market solar energy conversion ratio is 12-18%, which means that alot of energy is still not captured. The most efficient solar cell so far is a multi-junction concentrator solar cell with an efficiency of 43.5%. now imagine if a company were to invent a solar panel that would revolutionise the way we capture solar energy. now that would mean big business.

the only problem is how does this whole story of capturing energy applies to us business students? we manage businesses, and we are definitely not capable of inventing a photovoltaic cell that can capture the sun’s energy. but we can definitely help to manage the companies that deal in solar energy! in this way, we can also stand to benefit from the sun’s energy! given the current financial state that the world economy is in, i do think this is a viable option to consider as opposed to the conventional route of joining the financial and banking industry.

topical review paper: invention of canning (to be continued)

How the invention of canning has transformed the way we eat and live

 

We all need food to survive and we get our food mostly from the local supermarket. Most of the food that we buy seems to be fresh food but in fact, most of them have been preserved in a way or another because by the time they are harvested or butchered to the time they reach the shelves of our supermarket, they would have spoiled. The act of preserving perishable food has been around since ancient times when man sought to preserve surplus food so that he will still have food to eat during events when food is scarce such as the change in season from autumn to winter, natural disasters and military conflicts. Throughout history, man has used many different methods of preserving food such as salting, pickling, drying and smoking. While all these methods worked, they drastically change the taste, texture and nutritional value of the food. (1) However the invention of canning in 1809 revolutionised the way we preserved our food and brought with it an unprecedented level of convenience that has helped to shape our lives in many ways. This paper aims to uncover the history of canning and the impact it has on our lives since it was invented.

Introduction

Let us first understand how canning preserves perishable food. During canning, food is sealed in airtight jars, cans or pouches and then heated to a very high temperature to destroy any microorganisms inside the food. Before heating, the air in the container must be removed to prevent the container from expanding during heating and possibly damaging the seals of the container. It is this preservation method which differentiates canning from other preservation methods. During the canning process, no preservatives need to be added as the process kills microorganisms living in the food and already helps to preserve the food sealed in the container. Properly canned foods can be stored unrefrigerated indefinitely without fear of their spoiling or becoming toxic. (9)

With that, let us look at how canning was first invented. In 1795, the French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise a cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food so that they could feed their army during the Napoleonic Wars. It was only until 1809 when a French confectioner, Nicolas appert, discovered that food did not spoil when he boiled the food that was sealed in a glass jar that led to the invention of the canning method. (1) Subsequently, an Englishman, peter Durand improved the method by replacing the glass jars with cylindrical tin canisters as they were cheaper and easier to make and also less fragile compared to the glass jars. He then patented this preservation technique.

Later, he sold his patent to two other Englishmen, Bryan Dokins and John Hall who went on to build the world’s first canning factory in 1813. Early consumers of the canned food were mainly British and foreign soldiers and sailors, explorers and travellers who needed food away from home.  (3) Even then, canned food was still not popular because they weighed more than the food they contained and could only be opened by a chisel and a hammer. But over time, with rising urban population due to the industrial revolution and gradual technological improvements in the manufacture of canned food coupled with the invention of better can openers, the demand for canned food began to rise.

It was the quick succession of WWI and WWII then led to canned food becoming an important part of our daily lives it forced people to stock up on canned food as a dependable source of food and the army also demanded canned food which could feed their vast number of soldiers and also withstand the harsh conditions of trench warfare. During this time, bully beef (canned corned beef) became the mainstay of British army rations. (4)

The post war boom and a new age in consumerism led to emergence of cans in every facet of the consumer life such as hair spray, house paint, tomato soup, shaving cream and etc. (5) Another major innovation in the history of canning was the use of aluminium cans in 1957. Aluminium cost less than tin-plated steel but offers the same resistance to corrosion in addition to greater malleability. However the greatest selling point of aluminium cans was its recycling value. Aluminium can be recycled infinitely with no loss in quality. Aluminium cans soon became the preferred choice of major beverage companies.  (6)    By the end of the twentieth century, canning had become a multibillion-dollar industry, with plants in nearly every country and tens of thousands of employees.

Today, the process of canning is very different from when it was first invented. The first cans were expensive, because they were made by hand and a good tinsmith could only manufacture 6-10 a day. They were large, heavy and difficult to open. But in spite of these drawbacks, their convenience was invaluable and unprecedented. Gradually, the production of cans became mechanised. A machine was developed to stamp out the can bodies, then to solder the can ends. It was discovered that if the food was heated under pressure, the heating and cooling times necessary became significantly shorter. This improved the flavour, texture and nutritional value of the food. The industry continued steadily to progress and increase in efficiency. The first automated production lines produced around 6 cans an hour. Today’s sophisticated production lines can produce in excess of 1,500 cans a minute. The development of cans continues today. Nowadays, foods packaged in materials other than metal cans are considered “canned” by food processing specialists if the food undergoes the canning preservation process. Thus, today a canned food may be packaged in a number of other types of containers, such as glass jars, paperboard cans, and plastics that can be formed into anything from pouches to soup bowls to serving trays.  (9) Today cans weigh less, take fewer raw materials to produce, but are stronger and safer than ever. The processing of food in cans also continues to develop. The food and canning industries continually experiment with new recipes and a new process, called aseptic canning, has recently led to the canning of custard, ice cream and savoury dips. (10)

Historical perspective

Canned food has been around for almost 200 years but why is it still such an important part of our diet and daily lives? And how has it shape our lives? To understand this issue, we must first go back to the age before the canning method was invented.

Before canning was invented, people relied on traditional means of food preservation such as salting, pickling, drying and smoking to preserve their surplus food so that they will have enough supply during unexpected events such as natural disasters and military conflicts or seasonal changes such as winter when food is scarce. It was man’s hedge against unforeseen circumstances so as to keep himself alive. The ability to preserve surplus food was also the keystone upon which great empires such as the great agrarian empires of Rome and Egypt were built. These techniques made large-scale agriculture possible that was the basis of power and wealth for these great civilizations.

Traditional preserved food also contributed greatly to the Age of Discovery and the Age of Sail which took place from the early 15^th century to early 17^th century and from the 16^th century to mid 19^th century respectively. The Age of Discovery was a period in history during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing direct contacts with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania and mapping the planet. (10) All this would not have been possible without traditional preserved food, because the explorers often had to embark on long and arduous journeys in search of new land and perishable food will spoil very quickly. Thus, most of them took preserved food with them which could last throughout their journey, although they were not very healthy and many of the sailors succumb to scurvy which was due to lack of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Similarly, traditional preserved food also helped to make the Age of Sail possible. It was a significant period during which sailing ships carried European settlers to many parts of the world in one of the most expansive human migrations in recorded history which led to modern human demographics in today’s world. (11)

Traditional preserved food has many advantages but it was not the reason that led the world to become what it is today. Its many limitations led to become gradually displaced by canning once canning was invented.

Traditional means of preserving food was often tedious and time-consuming even though it was essential in ensuring that man had a regular supply of food regardless of external circumstances. Man had to spend much time curing, drying, smoking or pickling his food so that they will remain edible even after being kept in storage for a long time. While traditional preserved food such as cured meat can be stored for a long time, they are often inedible after an extended period of storage so in actual fact, they can only be stored a few weeks or months.

Another significant limitation of traditional preserved food is that they are only meant to feed individual households and are not meant to feed the masses whereas canned food has helped to feed large armies and even whole nations in the case of the two world wars. In modern day, traditional means of preserving food has been relegated to a niche hobby with the rise of modern preserved food.

Current Perspective

When canning was first invented in 1809, it did not immediately revolutionise the way man eat or live. It took many more decades of technological advances in the manufacture of canned food and the world wars before people started to turn to canned food as part of their diet. When the war ended, people continued to buy canned food and it soon became a staple in their diet and this is can be attributed to a few reasons.

The most critical factor which led to canned food’s worldwide success is in its convenience value. Never before in the history of mankind, can food be obtained and prepared so easily and readily. Canned food could be bought easily at the local grocery store and be ready for consumption in less than 30 minutes. Statisticians have estimated that American families spend less than one-seventh the time preparing meals in the nineties as they did just two decades ago. (9) This has helped to lead the shift in the way we live. Gone were the days when man had to spend much time obtaining and preparing his food. Instead, he could now have a meal ready for him very quickly, and this means that he can spend more time doing other activities such as work and play.

Another reason for its popularity is due to its ability to supply consumers with seasonal food all year round. In the past, seasonal food such as fruits and vegetables were only available during certain seasons so man had to look for other alternatives during other seasons. But with the invention of canned food, man can now enjoy any food he wants regardless of which season it is. This has actually helped man to achieve better nutrition which has led to better health.

Canned food is also almost as nutritious as fresh food. This is because many canning factories are situated near to the areas where the food is harvested or caught and swiftness in which the food is moved from the point of harvest to the canning stage means that much of it still remains fresh when it is canned. Although studies show that shoppers also think canned food is less nutritious than fresh or frozen, an analysis of 84 fresh, frozen and canned foods, just released by the University of Illinois, shows that once the food was prepared for the table, canned foods were equal and often better in nutrient levels. There have also been improvements. Many canned fruits are now processed with less sugar than formerly. Low-sodium and sodium-free canned foods are widely available. Canning companies are experimenting with cans of thinner metal to permit shorter processing and give the food better flavor and texture. (13)

 

Lastly, the design of canned food is such that it can be easily transported all over the world. This has helped to create the global commerce of today and has greatly contributed to the wealth of canned food- producing countries who export their canned food to all over the world.

However canned food has also led to many social and environmental problems.

By the implacable economic forces women have been drawn away from their traditional place in the home and into the turmoil of industrial production. At the same time the factory has intruded itself into the home and has pre-empted much of the woman’s function of preparing the family’s food. The manufacture of foods dispensed in cans and all ready to be served has insinuated itself into the homes of the people to such an extent that it has become literally true that many households can now-a-days be conducted with the aid of two implements–the cork screw and the can opener. (12)

Canned food also used to contribute greatly to environmental problem such as the throwing away of cans. But this problem has largely been remedied with the invention of aluminium cans as they can be recycled infinitely without any loss in quality.

Future Consideration

Canned food already for 200 years. Valley or summit opportunity?

Threats from other modern food preservation especially from frozen food?

How to solve social problems caused by canned food

Will canning still be around in the near and distant future?

Conclusion

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning#History_and_development_of_canning. [Online] [Cited: 10 07, 2011.]

2. http://members.multimania.co.uk/Polyvinyl/school/case_study.htm. [Online] [Cited: ]

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Durand. [Online]

 

 

wk 7: biobusiness revolution 2

this week was a little different because it was time for me to present to the class. but before that prof delve a little deeper into the topic.

there were alot of interesting ideas being thrown around such as prof mentioning that someday we might be able to develop efficient home bioreactors for converting household biological waste into energy for powering our household electrical appliances. this idea seems pretty feasible and it would revolutionise the way we obtain the energy to power our daily lives and it would also help to greatly reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy resources.

the rise of technology has also drastically alter the role of the farmer. in the past the farmer was concerned with ensuring that he gets the maximum harvest from his field of crops by monitoring water supply, soil fertility, the threat from pests and etc. but now with the spread of technology, he is more concerned with ensuring that he gets the maximum profit from his field of crops by ensuring that every crop in the field is grown to its maximum capacity by using the least inputs. we can see that technology has brought about a huge change in the way we live, not just in the urban setting but also in the rural areas.

7/10

wk 6: biobusiness revolution 1

this week we talked about biobusiness revolution in the field of healthcare and biomedical sciences.

the biobusiness was created for the developed nations. why do i say so? because more money is spent on extending the lives of old but rich people in the developed countries than in helping to feed or cure the young but poor people in the developing countries. so much money is invested in technologies to extend the lives of the rich people by maybe only a few years when this money could have been used to much greater and far-reaching effect in building strong children in developing countries. as the popular saying goes, it is easier to build strong children than to repair broken man. however i cannot blame these rich people because who does not want to live longer so that they can spend more time with their love ones? it is simply in our human character to be selfish.

actually many areas in the biobusiness has nothing to do with matters of life or death.in the article ‘millions for viagra, pennies for poor’, it says that only 1 percent of all new medicines brought to market by multinational pharmaceutical companies between 1975 and 1997 were designed specifically to treat tropical diseases plaguing the Third World. in fact, the latest drugs that are being produced are lifestyle drugs–remedies that may one day free the world from the scourge of toenail fungus, obesity, baldness, face wrinkles and impotence. The market for such drugs is worth billions of dollars a year and is one of the fastest-growing product lines in the industry. money talks after all.

so i guess the only way to divert some of the money towards helping the developing countries is through the assistance of international organisations such as World Health Organisation (WHO). only they will the kind of power and influence to persuade developed nations to help the developing countries.

i would rate this session 7/10.

wk 5: ICT and world change

so this week we talked about ict and world change: past, present and future.

we know ict has the power to change the world and especially in helping the poorer countries. for example, the ‘one laptop per child’ project aims to distribute cheap laptops to children in developing countries so that they can have access to knowledge. knowledge is a great social leveller because as a person gains greater knowledge, he is able to move up the social ladder and so break out of the poverty circle. this is an example of how ict can help change the world and in this case, also help achieve the MDG.

however there was this quote in one of the readings that really caught my eye: Powerful technologies will be used by the powerful to maintain and extend power. the author goes on to add that these same technologies have enabled global warfare, international crime and international hatred and prejudice. all along we assume that the developed countries will lend a helping hand to the developing countries but how can we be sure that they are not using these projects to secretly make themselves more powerful and wealthy? in this sense, ict and world change may not mean a positive change but instead ict may help to fuel a greater socioeconomic divide between the haves and the have-nots thus creating a more unequal world than ever before.

i realise that i am really lucky to be born in singapore because being born in a developed country has afforded me the opportunity to learn and make sense of the world and happenings around me and allow me to think critically. for example, if i was born in africa, i will be very happy when i see china wanting to cooperate with us but given the lack of education infrastructure in africa, i may not see that china may have a secret agenda in wanting to work with us. therefore i feel that that it is up to the people in the developed countries to decide whether they want to use ict to make the world a better place because only they have access to these technology and they can choose to use it to enrich themselves or use it to help the less fortunate people.

 

group project outline: technology and sports

members of group:

• wong huiqi
• nick lee
• eileen ng
• chong ji qian
• yang jiajun

hi this is the mindmap and summary for our group project outline. it gives the overall idea of what our group is doing.

Web-Report Outline

Intro: Intro on technology; Why we chose sports; Include interesting real-life examples

Body:

1.       Internal – Within the sportsman’s control, can be regulated by a sporting association

a.Equipment design

                                                               i.    Enhances performance, increases competition

                                                             ii.    Player input into sporting/equipment design, issue of tech-doping

b.      Training/Recovery

                                                               i.    Enhances performance, well-being of athletes

1.       Cristiano Ronaldo – Four aspects test

2.       Lewis Hamilton – Driving simulation

3.       Real-time athlete monitoring (http://www.gizmag.com/real-time-athlete-monitoring-the-future-of-sport/7254/)

                                                             ii.    Speeds up recovery

1.       Compression

2.       3D MRI

3.       Zero gravity treadmill

                                                            iii.    Sporting management encourages tech innovation to meet the above need, issue of skewing the playing field (richer associations stand to gain more)

c.Nutrition

                                                               i.    Enhances performance, health

                                                             ii.    Increasing popularity of standardised/healthy diets

d.      Capability enhancement

                                                               i.    Disabled athletes

                                                             ii.    Allows athletes to last longer into their careers

2.       External – Beyond the sportsman’s control

a.Experience:

                                                               i.    Spectatorship/coverage

1.       Advertising

2.       Accessibility to live + recorded games

3.       Increasing overlap of sports and entertainment

4.       Show player performance statistics to spectators

                                                             ii.    Games/merchandise

                                                            iii.    Ticketing

                                                           iv.    News

                                                             v.    Player-Media-Fan Connection

b.      Regulation:

                                                               i.    Sporting associations

1.       worldsports.com, IOC

                                                             ii.    Judging/Refereeing

1.       Improves accuracy

2.       Issue of undermining authority of referees/umpires OR removing human element

c.Creation of new sports

                                                               i.    The overcoming of environmental restrictions: Winter Olympics; artificial pitch, underground heating à also increases sustainability due to lesser need for replacement/landscaping

                                                             ii.    Facilitated social media: Kite-surfing

d.      Environmental sustainability

                                                               i.    Equipment made of less complex polymers that are biodegradable and environmentally friendly

3.       Challenges/Issues for further discussion

a.Economic: Financial fair play/Management; Increasingly not a matter of sporting/physical capability but financial capability

b.      Ethical: Where do you draw the line?

c.Performance drugs – pushing the boundaries of what is legal and what is not

d.      Overreliance on technology: individual

e.      Socio-Cultural: Removal of human element

f.  Fairness

g.Over-commercialisation (KIV)

4.       Future Considerations (where it looks like it’s heading, new possibilities)

a.Sports cities

b.      Bionic atheletes

c.Safety enhancement

d.      Space sports on Earth

                                                               i.    Zero-gravity stadiums

e.      Cloud technology in sports

Conclusion

–     Reiteration of our group’s stand

–          Lends completeness to report

Common Themes/Strands across Body

–                                                                             How sports and technology affect each other

–                                                                             Tech-push vs Market-pull

§                            Technology-push: Adaptations of technology to suit sporting purposes – eg. Measuring muscle contractions originally had medical purposes

§                            Market-pull: Equipment design, Games

 

 

indivdual topical review paper outline

executive summary

• food big part of our culture, identity
• we are what we eat
• global obesity problem
• how did it happened? what are the causes? processed food and sedentary lifestyle
• how has processed food changed our lives from past to present?

this paper will explore the history of modern(vs ancient) food processing and how it has impacted our lives and its future implications.

background

• history of modern food processing
• past and present

historical perspective

• before advent of food processing, people spent more time farming, rearing poultry, cooking(preparing food)
• less time pursue personal interest, job, education
• food mostly frest, from local and regional source
• people healthier, fitter

current situation

• rise of modern food processing
• ready-to-eat meals become readily available
• radical shift from subsistence lifestyle to sedentary lifestyle
• agriculture, cooking become obsolete?
• people have more time pursue personal interest, job, education
• food shifts from fresh to processed
• health implications
• social implications

Future Considerations

• will people accept link between processed food and health problems?
• value health over convenience
• fall of food processing
• food processing restricted to niche markets such as space food, airtravel food, military food
• OR, food processing completely take over diet of developed countries
• value convenience over health
• convenience of fast,tasty food priority

conclusion

• pros vs cons food processing
• overall benefit or detriment to world?

references

wk 4

session 4a: drivers of world change

so today we talked about some of the possible drivers of world change such as climate change, food security and the depletion of natural resources.

there is this quote by charles darwin that really made an impression on me. he said ‘it is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change.’ prof further elaborated by saying that it the species that is most flexible to change that will survive. i think this applies to us, Man, too. the world is constantly changing and we can choose to embrace this change or to shy away from it. some people may choose to remain where they are because like what W. Edwards Deming said ‘ it is not necessary to change. survival is not mandatory.’

while we all know that we have to change to survive, the sad truth is that most people are still reluctant to change. take for example climate change. we all know that our current lifestyle is not sustainable in the long run because we are simply consuming much more resources than what we have and very soon all these resources will be depleted. but at the recent copenhagen summit in 2009, even though world leaders came to a ‘meaningful agreement’, many deemed it a failure simply because the agreement was not legally binding. even world leaders themselves, are afraid to tackle the global issue of climate change, so how can their people be willing to do so? that is why sometimes someone has to stand up and lead the change.

the key take away point from this session was the difference between evolutionary change and revolutionary change. both sound similiar but they are actually very different. an evolutionary change is a small, incremental change while a revolutionary change is, like what prof explained, a game-changer. i think right now what we need is a revolutionary change in our current mindset so that we will not be afraid to take on changes that are happening in the world today.

for the second session, we talked about change management and change leadership. i think the topic for the second session is appropriate because it goes hand-in-hand with the topic for the first session. when there is a change in the situation, top leaders have to recognise this change and use a structured approach to direct their organisations from their current state to a future desired state so that they will not succumb to the change. this is what change management is all about. a great example would be mr mohamed nasheed, the current president of the maldives. mr nasheed recognised the threat posed by global warming to his country so he undertook initiatives to counter this threat such as pledging to set an example by making the Maldives carbon neutral within a decade. he even presided over the the world’s first underwater cabinet meeting so as to highlight the threat of global warming to his country.

however sometimes, the top leaders themselves are blind to such changes and it is up to the individual to rise to the occasion and lead the change. but very often, these individuals are ill-treated for doing what they think is right because they are directly challenging the authority of their leaders. history is filled with such examples such as Mahatma Gandhi and nelson mandela. however it is these people who ultimately prevail and change the course of history. so the question is ‘ do you dare to stand up to what you think is right even if it will bring you suffering?’

7/10